Aug 16, 2005
soe

sudah hampir lembaran terakhir buku ini saya baca. buku tentang catatan harian seorang demonstran.

buku yang kecil dan kucel ini kertasnya sudah tak putih lagi, saya meminjamnya dari teman. sambil cari-cari lagi kalo masih ada yang jual.
tapi isi dalam buku ini tidak sejelk tampilan fisiknya.

saya tak begitu ambil peduli dengan cetak ulang buku ini , dengan segala atribut "pasar" yang menyertainya. apapun bentuk buku ini, isinya akan tetap sama. intelektualitas dan keseharian seorang pemuda yang begitu biasanya dan normal.

kalau boleh saya bikin silsilah, rasanya goethe, camus, david couperfield-nya charles dickens, jude-nya thomas hardy, chairil anwar, pramoedya ananta toer, dan terakhir saya sendiri (hehe) akan saya masukan ke dalam satu silsilah yang saling terkait.

seperti melihat pada cermin yang serupa tapi berbeda, ketika membaca buku ini. tentang kesepian, tentang kekosongan dalam hidup.

sudah hampir lembar terakhir buku ini saya baca, tapi rasa tak rela untuk berhenti membaca, mengisi rasa dalam diri. mungkinkah masih ada jilid dua, tiga, empat buku ini?

sebuah perjalanan yang terlewati hanya menghantarkan pada suatu titik simpul, bahwa kita hanyalah manusia.

"when somebody feels lonely he needs a girl whom be can love and beloved"
soe hok gie -seorang pemuda yang mati muda-


Posted at 11:32 am by revodelic
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trip hop

Trip hop (also known as the Bristol sound) is a term coined by British dance magazine Mixmag, to describe a musical trend in the mid-1990s; trip hop is downtempo electronic music that grew out of England's hip hop and house scenes. Characterized by a reliance on breakbeats and a sample-heavy sound pioneered by Coldcut's remix of Eric B. & Rakim's "Paid in Full", trip hop gained notice via popular artists such as Portishead, Massive Attack, Tricky, and rock-influenced sound groups such as Ruby, California's DJ Shadow, and the UK's Howie B. Londoners Morcheeba and Glideascope are also often associated with this sound. The latest additions to this line of performers are Jem and Australia's Spook. The Bristol Sound came out of the wider Bristol Urban Culture scene.

The "trip" in "Trip-Hop" refers to the "out-of-this-world" state following the use of a drug. This provides insight into Trip-Hop's strong connection with the senses. Furthermore, the "hop" in "Trip-Hop" indicates its roots in Hip-Hop.

The style is perhaps typified by Massive Attack's song "Unfinished Sympathy" which has frequently been described as one of the best songs of all time, according to polls produced by MTV2, NME, and various other magazines and reviewers. [1] A reviewer for the BBC has said that: "More than a decade after its release it remains one of the most moving pieces of dance music ever, able to soften hearts and excite minds just as keenly as a ballad by Bacharach or a melody by McCartney."

Trip-Hop originated in the 90's in Bristol, England, during a time when American Hip-Hop was taking over Europe's music industry. British DJs decided to put a local spin on the international phenomenon and developed Hip-Hop into a different style, marking the birth of Trip-Hop. The originators in Bristol developed Hip-Hop with a laid-back beat (down tempo). Bristol Hip-Hop (Trip-Hop's predecessor) is characterized by the emphasis on slow and heavy drum beats and a wide open sound that draws heavily on acid jazz and electonica. Massive Attack's first album "Blue Lines" in 1991, is often seen as the first manifestation of the "Bristol Hip-Hop movement" (known as the "First Coming of Bristol Sound"), but in fact Massive Attack drew heavily on the pre-existing British Hip hop scene, and their sound is remarkably similar to that pioneered earlier by Marxman, an Irish-Jamaican hip hop crew that was popular in the UK in the 1980's.

1994 and '95 saw Trip-Hop near the peak of its popularity. Massive Attack released their second album entitled "Protection." Those years also marked the rise of Portishead and Tricky. Portishead's female lead singer Beth Gibbons' sullen voice was mixed with samples of music from the '60s and '70s, as well as sound effects from LPs, giving the group a distinctive style. Tricky's style was characterized by murmuring and low-pitched singing. Artists and groups like Portishead and Tricky led the second wave of the Bristol Movement (a.k.a. "Second Coming of Bristol Sound"). This second wave produced music that was dreamy and atmospheric, and sometimes deep and gloomy. The British press termed this style of music "Trip-Hop," refering to this evolved style of Hip-hop.

Incidentally Massive Attack, Portishead and Tricky actually had a common history. Massive Attack's three members used to work with Tricky, under the group "The Wild Bunch" (headed by Nellee Hooper in 1982), explaining why many Massive Attack songs feature Tricky. Portishead member Geoff Barrow also previously helped produce Massive Attack's "Blue Lines."

Contents

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The Bristol sound

The Bristol sound was the name given to a number of bands from Bristol, England, in the 1990s. These bands spawned the musical genre trip-hop, though many of the bands shunned this name when other British and international bands imitated the style and preferred not to distinguish it from hip-hop.

It is characterised by a slow, spaced-out sound that a number of artists in the early and mid 1990s made synonymous with the city. These artists can include the aforementioned original Bristolians Massive Attack, Portishead and Tricky and others such as Way Out West, Smith and Mighty, Up, Bustle & Out, and The Wild Bunch.

The Bristol Sound was part of the wider Bristol Urban Culture scene

Post Trip-Hop

Early Trip-Hop lacked diversity and variety, as the genre was in its early stages of developments. As electronic music became developed and pioneers like Massive Attack, Portishead and Tricky released new albums in '94 and '95, a new generation of Trip-Hop artists emerged. "Post Trip-Hop" artists included Morcheeba, Alpha, Mono, The Aloof, Glideascope, Cibo Matto, etc. These artists integrated Trip-Hop with Ambience, R&B, Brit-Hop, Breakbeat, Drum N' Bass, Acid Jazz, New Age, etc. Furthermore, vocals expanded beyond melancholy female voices. Eventually Trip-Hop developed into a diversified genre that was no longer limited to the "deep, dark style" of the early years, eliminating the original impression of Trip-Hop as "dark and gloomy."

Abstract Hip-Hop

James Lavelle, owner of the famous Trip-Hop label Mo'Wax used to say, "British Hip-Hop lacks the lyrical skills of U.S. counterparts, but British kids have got the musical side." This offers insight as to why Trip-Hop artists like DJ Shadow, DJ Krush, and DJ Cam often choose to strip out vocals in their works. The absence of vocals produces an effect that emphasizes the intrinsic nature of the music, allowing the listener to step into unknown territory (just like viewing an abstract painting). Though this style of music is coined "Trip-Hop," many artist (including DJ Shadow) frown upon this term, disagreeing with the interpretation. DJ Cam calls this style of music "Abstract Hip-Hop."

Musicology

Trip-hop is known for its moody, dark, yet lyrical sound.

The trip-hop sound relies on jazz samples, usually taken from old vinyl jazz records. This reliance on sampling has changed the way record labels deal with clearing samples for use in other people's tracks. Trip-hop tracks often sample Rhodes pianos, saxophones, trumpets, and flutes, and develops in parallel to hip hop, each inspiring the other.

Trip-hop production is historically lo-fi, relying on analog recording equipment and instrumentation for an ambience. Portishead, for example, record their material to old tape from real instruments, and then sample their recordings rather than recording their instruments directly to a track. They also tend to put their drums through considerable compression.

Later artists have taken inspiration from many other sources including world and orchestral influences.

Major artists

External links




Posted at 11:04 am by revodelic
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idealism

History

In philosophy, idealism is used to refer to any metaphysical theory positing the primacy of mind, spirit, or language over matter. It is usually juxtaposed with Realism.


Idealism names a number of philosophical positions with quite different tendencies and implications.

Plato

Plato proposed an idealist theory as a solution to the problem of universals. A universal is that which things share in virtue of having some particular property. So for example the wall, the moon and a blank sheet of paper are all white; white is the universal that all white things share. Plato argued that it is universals, The Forms that are real, not specific individual things. Confusingly, because this idea asserts that these mental entities are real, it is also called Platonic realism; in this sense realism contrasts with nominalism, the notion that mental abstractions are merely names without an independent existence. Nevertheless, it is a form of idealism because it asserts the primacy of the idea of universals over material things.

George Berkeley

Bishop Berkeley, in seeking to find out what we could know with certainty, decided that our knowledge must be based on our perceptions. This led him to conclude that there was indeed no "real" object behind one's perception, that what was "real" was the perception itself. This subjective idealism led to his placing the full weight of justification on our perceptions. This left Berkeley with the problem, common to other forms of idealism, of explaining how it is that each of us apparently has much the same sort of perceptions of an object. He solved this problem by having God intercede, as the immediate cause of all of our perceptions.

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant held that the mind forces the world we perceive to take the shape of space-and-time. Kant focused on the idea drawn from British empiricism, and its philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, that all we can know is the mental impressions, or phenomena, that an outside world which may or may not exist independently creates in our minds; our minds can never perceive that outside world directly. Kant's postscript to this added that the mind is not a "blank slate", but comes equipped with categories for organising our sense impressions. This Kantian sort of idealism opens up a world of abstractions to be explored by reason, but in sharp contrast to Plato's, leaves only uncertainties about a knowable world outside our own minds. We cannot approach the noumenon, the "Thing in Itself" (German: Ding an Sich) outside our own mental world. This sort of idealism goes by the equally counterintuitive name of transcendental idealism.

Hegel

Hegel, another philosopher whose system has been called idealism, thought that history must be rational in something significantly like the way science is. His famous dictum is that "the Real is Rational"; reason is the arbiter that shapes the world as it is, and gives us access to what is real. Hegel's idealism posits that since ideas about reality are products of the mind, there must be a mind at work in the universe that establishes reality and gives it structure. Hegelian idealism goes by the name of absolute idealism.

British idealism

British idealism enjoyed ascendancy in English-speaking philosophy in the later part of the 19th century. F. H. Bradley of Merton College, Oxford, saw reality as a monistic whole, which is apprehended through "feeling", a state in which there is no distinction between the perception and the thing perceived. Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism.

J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist, and that they only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are for McTaggart unreal. He argued, for instance, in The Unreality of Time that it was not possible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events in time, and that therefore time is an illusion.


Critique of Idealism

G. E. Moore

The most influential criticism of Idealism is Moore's The Refutation of Idealism. This was the first application of Moore's analytic philosophical method, which greatly influenced Analytic philosophy.

Moore proceeds by examining the Berklian aphorism esse is percipi: "to be is to be perceived". He examines in detail each of the three terms in the aphorism, finding that it must mean that the object and the subject are necessarily connected. So, he argues, for the idealist, "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" are necessarily identical - to be yellow is necessarily to be experienced as yellow. But, in a move similar to the open question argument, it also seems clear that there is a difference between "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow". For Moore, the idealist is in error because "that esse is held to be percipi, solely because what is experienced is held to be identical with the experience of it".

David Stove

The Australian philosopher David Stove argued in typically acerbic style that idealism rested on what he called "the worst argument in the world". He named one version of this argument, deriving from Berkeley, "the Gem". Berkeley claimed that "(the mind) is deluded to think it can and does conceive of bodies existing unthought of, or without the mind, though at the same time they are apprehended by, or exist in, itself". Stove argued that this claim proceeds from the tautology that nothing can be thought of without its being thought of, to the conclusion that nothing can exist without its being thought of. Presented in this way, the argument is not even a syllogism - hardly an argument at all.

John Searle

In The Construction of Social Reality John Searle offers an attack on some versions of idealism. Searle conveniently summarises two important arguments for idealism. the first is based on our perception of reality:

1. All we have access to in perception are the contents of our own experiences
2. The only epistemic basis we can have for claims about the external world are our perceptual experiences

therefore,

3. the only reality we can meaningfully speak of is the reality of perceptual experiences (The Construction of Social Reality p. 172)

Whilst agreeing with (2), Searle argues that (1) is false, and points out that (3) does not follow from (1) and (2).

The second argument for idealism runs as follows:

Premise: Any cognitive state occurs as part of a set of cognitive states and within a cognitive system
Conclusion 1: It is impossible to get outside of all cognitive states and systems to survey the relationships between them and the reality they are used to cognize
Conclusion 2: No cognition is ever of a reality that exists independently of cognition (The Construction of Social Reality p. 174)

Searle goes on to point out that conclusion 2 simply does not follow from its precedents.

Idealism in religious thought

Not all religion and belief in the supernatural is, strictly speaking, anti-materialist in nature. While many types of religious belief are indeed specifically idealist, for example, Hindu beliefs about the nature of the Brahman, Zen Buddhism stands in the middle way of dialectics between idealism and materialism, and mainstream Christian doctrine affirms the importance of the materiality of Christ's human body and the necessity of self-restraint when dealing with the material world.

Several modern religious movements and texts, for example the organisations within the New Thought Movement and the book, A Course in Miracles, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The theology of Christian Science is explicitly idealist.

More accurately Idealism is based on the root word Ideal meaning a perfect form of and is most accurately described as a belief in perfect forms of virtue, truth, and the absolute. Idea-ism would be a more appropriate term for the definitions listed above. There is a clear distinction between an idea and an ideal. i.e. Websters Dictionary says "conforming exactly to an ideal, law, or standard: perfect.

Other uses

In general parlance, "idealism" or "idealist" is also used to describe a person having high ideals, sometimes with the connotation that those ideals are unrealisable or at odds with "practical" life.

See Also

McTaggart, John The Unreality of Time, available at wikisource:The Unreality of Time


Posted at 10:24 am by revodelic
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Aug 8, 2005
artikel

PEMANFAATAN INTERNET DALAM DUNIA PENERBITAN:
Pengalaman Pribadi

Disampaikan pada Seminar Pemanfaatan Internet dalam Dunia Informasi, Bandung, 22 September 1997

Jaringan jalan raya informasi, atau yang lebih populer dengan sebutan Internet, semakin meningkat popularitasnya dan semakin banyak penggunanya. Menurut berita Kompas 13/8/97, jumlah pengguna Internet di Indonesia pada akhir tahun 1996 sudah mencapai 80.000 orang (mencakup 0,1% kaum terpelajar), padahal setahun sebelumnya diperkirakan baru sekitar 5000 orang saja. Sementara itu, menurut berita TV NBC tanggal 12/8/97, jumlah pengguna Internet di seluruh dunia sudah mencapai 35 juta orang. Jumlah ini diperkirakan akan terus meningkat sekitar 10% per bulan!

     Namun, sebelum kita berbicara lebih lanjut, ada baiknya kita bertanya, apakah sebetulnya Internet itu. Riwayat Internet yang dimulai dengan ARPANET yang lahir pada tahun 1969 rasanya tidak perlu dibicarakan di sini karena hal itu dapat Anda baca sendiri dalam berbagai buku mengenai Internet. Secara ringkas dapat dikatakan bahwa Internet adalah sebuah jaringan jalan raya informasi, tempat masyarakat dunia saling bertukar informasi dalam dunia baru yang disebut dunia maya atau virtual world.

     Untuk masuk ke jaringan informasi raksasa ini, kita memerlukan komputer yang sudah dipasangi program tertentu oleh penyedia jasa Internet, saluran telepon, dan modem. Setelah terhubung ke Internet, kita bisa menggali aneka macam informasi, berkonsultasi tentang masalah kesehatan kepada dokter ahli nun jauh di sana, mengirimkan bunga-maya (atau juga bunga asli) sebagai hadiah ulang tahun, ucapan selamat Natal, Tahun Baru, Lebaran, atau perkawinan, menghadiahkan kartu, makanan, sampai mobil (semuanya bisa maya dan bisa juga asli), memesan buku, pakaian, sampai sepatu, "bercakap-cakap", bertukar pikiran, membaca lelucon, menemukan teman baru, dan sebagainya. Dari berbagai manfaat tersebut, pada kesempatan kali ini kita hanya membatasi diri membicarakan manfaatnya bagi dunia penerbitan, dan lebih terbatas lagi hanya pada apa yang saya ketahui secara pribadi.

Aneka layanan Internet
Menurut buku Sahabat Internet karangan Tracey LaQuey yang diterbitkan oleh Penerbit ITB, ada tiga perkakas pokok Internet, yaitu email, login-jauh, dan transfer file. Hanya dua yang pertama sajalah yang akan saya bicarakan di sini karena hanya kedua perkakas itulah yang pernah saya gunakan. Perlu diketahui bahwa saya sama sekali bukan ahli informasi dan bukan pula ahli komputer sehingga apa yang akan saya sampaikan ini benar-benar pengalaman orang awam yang buta mengenai seluk-beluk teknik perkomputeran. Seperti kebanyakan orang, saya hanyalah pengguna.

Email
Menurut Tracey, layanan Internet yang paling sering dan paling lazim digunakan orang adalahemail atau surat elektronik. Pada prinsipnya, email sama saja dengan surat pos biasa. Bedanya, email dikirim melalui telepon dan modem, dan bisa sampai di alamat tujuan dalam waktu beberapa detik saja. Biayanya juga sangat murah, yaitu hanya biaya pulsa telepon lokal dan biaya langganan jasa Internet. Mengirimkan satu email ke satu alamat dan mengirimkannya ke ratusan alamat dapat dilakukan sekaligus dengan biaya yang sama dan waktu yang amat singkat.

     Dibandingkan dengan komunikasi lewat telepon atau fax, email lebih praktis. Sewaktu pesan dikirim, si penerima tidak perlu ada di rumah (tidak seperti komunikasi lewat telepon), dan komputer tidak perlu hidup (tidak seperti mesin fax yang harus ON dan harus ada kertasnya). Memang sekarang sudah ada layanan surat-suara; suara pengirim berita direkam pada pesawat telepon dan baru didengarkan ketika si penerima sudah membuka pesan tersebut. Dengan layanan email, semua email yang masuk akan terkumpul di penyedia jasa Internet, dan baru kita terima semuanya pada saat kita menghubungkan diri ke Internet, khususnya lagi ketika kita membuka kotak email kita. Analoginya kira-kira sama dengan membuka kotak pos yang kita langgan di kantor pos.

     Melalui email, penerbit dapat menghubungi penerbit lain, pengarang, penyunting, pakar suatu bidang ilmu, pembaca, dan lain-lain. Email balasan sudah bisa diterima dalam waktu sehari-dua hari, bahkan mungkin lebih cepat lagi. Dengan cara ini, naskah dapat dikirimkan bab demi bab untuk ditangani (disunting) di penerbit, lalu dikembalikan ke pengarang untuk diperbaiki dan seterusnya, sampai akhirnya seluruh naskah selesai ditangani. Cara ini terbukti sangat efisien dan efektif. Walaupun demikian, naskah seperti naskah matematika dan kimia, memang agak lebih rumit penanganannya. Penerbit dan pengarang harus memiliki program yang persis sama. Cara yang lebih baik untuk pengiriman naskah rumit begini adalah dengan layanan transfer file, yaitu lalu-lintas file dengan cara yang lebih "canggih" daripada cara email.

     Menurut forum EASE (European Association of Science Editors), belakangan ini para penerbit jurnal ilmiah yang menyebarluaskan jurnalnya lewat Internet mengambil langkah baru dengan mencantumkan alamat email para penulis artikel. Akibatnya, pekerjaan penyunting dalam menanggapi surat pembaca menjadi jauh berkurang karena para pembaca dapat langsung berkomunikasi dengan sang penulis artikel. Komunikasi langsung ini merupakan terobosan baru, yang membuat manfaat berlangganan jurnal bagi para ilmuwan menjadi lebih besar lagi. Dengan komunikasi serba cepat dan langsung ini diharapkan artikel-artikel dalam jurnal ilmiah semakin berbobot dan luas jangkauannya, serta efektif karena hanya melibatkan mereka yang benar-benar menaruh minat pada bidang yang bersangkutan.

     Secara pribadi, saya sering menggunakan email untuk menerima dan mengirimkan bahan terjemahan ke sebuah biro penerjemahan di Singapura. Bahan terjemahan itu saya terima sebagai lampiran email (kalau sudah berupa data elektronik), atau melalui mesin fax (bila masih berupa bahan tercetak). Terjemahannya saya kirim sebagai lampiran email sehingga bisa langsung diolah secara elektronik di Singapura tanpa perlu diketik kembali. Cara ini sangat menghemat waktu dan praktis, sesuai dengan sifat jasa penerjemahan yang memang memerlukan waktu singkat dan kepraktisan agar hasil terjemahan dapat diproduksi dengan cara yang efisien.

Login jauh
Layanan Internet lain yang sering saya gunakan adalah login-jauh atau remote-login. Layanan ini memungkinkan kita mengakses informasi dan menyediakan diri untuk diakses oleh pihak luar. Misalnya, pada saat sebuah penerbit (kita sebut saja PI = penerbit Indonesia) ingin menghubungi penerbit lain untuk memperoleh izin penerjemahan buku, dia dapat mencari informasi mengenai buku tersebut dengan memasuki rumah-maya (website) penerbit asalnya (kita sebut saja PA = penerbit asing). Jika kita belum mengetahui alamat PA di Internet, kita bisa mencarinya dengan meminta bantuan dari penyedia jasa pencarian seperti Yahoo atau Lycos. Pada dasarnya kita bisa mencari alamat apa atau siapa saja melalui Yahoo atau Lycos ini, misalnya mencari alamat universitas, perpustakaan, penerbit majalah, hotel, bahkan toko.

     Setelah berhasil masuk ke rumah-maya sebuah PA, kita dapat mencari informasi mengenai semua buku yang diterbitkan penerbit tersebut. Setelah meneliti buku yang dimaksud, PI dapat langsung melayangkan email ke PA yang biasanya juga tercantum di rumah mayanya, meminta izin terjemahan. Proses surat-menyurat untuk merundingkan persyaratan terjemahan ini dapat terus dilakukan melalui layanan email ini, termasuk pengiriman draft perjanjian. Akan tetapi, setelah perjanjian ditanda-tangani, biasanya kontrak perjanjian aslinya dikirimkan melalui surat pos biasa. Demikian juga, kuitansi biasanya dikirim dengan cara "konvensional" karena menyangkut keamanan dan keaslian dokumen penting itu, meskipun ada juga yang mau menerima kiriman berupa fax.

Di samping mengakses sumber informasi, penerbit juga harus menyediakan diri untuk diakses orang lain, khususnya pengarang, penerjemah, penerbit lain, pembaca, dan calon pembeli buku. Informasi yang perlu ada di sebuah rumah-maya penerbit antara lain riwayatnya, nama staf yang penting (kepala, bagian penyuntingan, bagian pemasaran, bagian penjualan, dan bagian produksi) serta alamat email mereka, daftar buku terbitannya, lengkap dengan nama pengarang, tebal, jenis sampul, ISBN, dan harga jual. Ringkasan singkat isi buku juga perlu dicantumkan. Bahkan kadang-kadang sampul buku bisa ditampilkan agar lebih menarik lagi bagi calon pembeli. Yang tak kurang pentingnya adalah cara pemesanan dan pembayaran.

     Rumah-maya lain yang juga sering saya masuki adalah toko buku sebab biasanya kita membeli buku tidak langsung dari penerbit, tetapi melalui toko buku. Banyak toko buku yang membuka rumah-mayanya di Internet, tetapi yang paling terkenal tampaknya toko buku Amazon di Seattle, dengan alamat amazon.com

     Di toko ini banyak sekali kegiatan yang dapat kita ikuti. Misalnya, lomba meresensi buku. Hadiahnya satu buku seminggu, atau 52 buku gratis setahun! Sebelum membeli buku, kita dapat membaca pendapat orang lain tentang buku tersebut dengan membaca resensi yang masuk ke Amazon. Dengan demikian, kita yakin membeli buku yang menarik sebelum terlanjur membayarnya. Kita juga dapat membaca resensi yang ditampilkan dalam surat kabar The New York Times dan seluk-beluk sebuah buku yang dikupas dalam acara talkshow terkenal yang dipandu oleh Oprah Winfrey. Ada juga berbagai layanan yang khusus untuk pelanggan toko ini, misalnya *Eyes* -- begitu ada buku terbitan baru di bidang yang kita minati, kita akan segera diberi tahu sehingga dapat langsung memesannya jika kita memang tertarik.

     Manfaat lain yang dapat kita peroleh dari login-jauh ini adalah membaca informasi secara online atau menyadapnya (download) untuk kita simpan. Banyak penerbit yang menggelar bukunya secara online, artinya kita bisa membacanya langsung di layar komputer. Banyak juga penerbit jurnal ilmiah yang menayangkan isi jurnalnya, biasanya abstraknya, untuk dibaca gratis di Internet. Tetapi, ada juga jurnal yang mengharuskan kita membayar untuk dapat masuk ke rumah-mayanya itu. Sebagai contoh, Anda dapat membaca harian Kompas dan majalah SWA secara online, masing-masing di alamat http://www.kompas.com dan http:/www.swa.com.id. Tetapi, jangan lupa, masalah biaya yang harus kita bayar perlu diperhitungkan. Di Indonesia, biaya pulsa telepon lokal dan biaya berlangganan jasa Internet untuk berselancar selama satu jam adalah sekitar Rp5000,00. Jadi, jika kita membaca buku atau majalah atau koran secara online, kita harus ingat bahwa kita sedang membaca sambil membayar. Patut diperbandingkan, apakah lebih murah membaca koran secara online atau berlangganan saja secara "konvensional"?

Pengarsipan informasi
Pada Konferensi EASE di Helsinki bulan Mei 1997 yang lalu, masalah penerbitan jurnal ilmiah di Internet juga dibicarakan. Beberapa orang pengelola jurnal seperti Medical Journal of Australia dan Annals of Botany mengemukakan bahwa penerbitan jurnal lewat Internet memang menguntungkan karena cepat dan dapat mencapai pembaca sasaran dengan lebih efektif. Namun, mereka sepakat bahwa pengarsipan secara elektronik bukan pilihan yang baik. Kemajuan yang sangat pesat dalam perkomputeran menyebabkan teknik pengarsipan secara elektronik akan terus berubah dan cepat ketinggalan zaman. Belum lagi masalah kerusakan yang bisa memusnahkan seluruh informasi yang tersimpan. Dengan demikian, para penyunting dalam konferensi itu sepakat bahwa pengarsipan secara tradisional berupa cetakan masih tetap merupakan pilihan utama.

     Hal serupa dikemukakan pula oleh Wan Amizah Wan Mahmud dari TV3 Malaysia dalam International Conference on Translations yang berlangsung di Penang awal September ini. Dia mengatakan bahwa kemajuan pesat dalam bidang komputer menyebabkan sulitnya pengarsipan acara televisi. Dia menunjukkan disket berukuran besar yang digunakan TV3 untuk mengarsipkan informasi pada sepuluh tahun yang lalu, dibandingkan dengan CD yang digunakan sekarang. Mungkin masalah perkakas pengarsipan ini secara sederhana dapat dianalogikan dengan suku cadang mobil antik yang sudah tidak diproduksi lagi, yang menyulitkan para pemilik untuk merawat mobil kesayangan mereka.

Mailing list
Salah satu layanan Internet yang juga menarik adalah mailing list yang dicoba diindonesiakan menjadi "daftar pelanggan", dan ada juga yang menyingkatnya menjadi "milis". Disebut "daftar pelanggan" karena memang dalam daftar atau list ini terkumpul alamat email para pelanggan daftar tersebut, yaitu orang-orang yang menaruh minat pada hal yang sama. Untuk bidang penerbitan, ada beberapa daftar yang dapat kita anggotai, misalnya daftar pengarang, penyunting, dan penerjemah.

     Saya anggota milis EASE dan Bahtera. Pada forum EASE, saya sebetulnya lebih bersikap sebagai pengintai saja, tidak aktif bersuara. Pasalnya, EASE membincangkan pernak-pernik jurnal ilmiah, sedangkan saya sebetulnya tidak berkecimpung dalam penerbitan jurnal jenis ini. Tetapi, karena masih terasa ada manfaatnya, saya betah menjadi pengintai di sini. Selain di EASE, saya juga pernah menjadi pengintai di Lantra (LANguage and TRAnslation), milis yang mengupas masalah terjemahan, tetapi lebih didominasi oleh diskusi dalam bahasa-bahasa Eropa seperti Inggris, Jerman, Spanyol, Italia, dan Perancis. Karena sedikit sekali manfaatnya bagi saya, dan karena makin lama jumlah email yang harus ditangani semakin banyak, akhirnya saya mengundurkan diri dari Lantra. Kemudian, saya mengajak seorang pemilik biro penerjemahan di Singapura untuk mendirikan milis khusus bagi penerjemah Indonesia. Maka, pada awal Juli 1997 diluncurkanlah Bahtera (BAHasa dan TERjemahan indonesiA), milis khusus bagi penerjemah dari dan ke bahasa Indonesia dan bagi peminat bahasa Indonesia. Komunikasi dalam milis ini pun dilakukan dalam bahasa Indonesia, meskipun ada kalanya digunakan bahasa Inggris untuk memudahkan komunikasi dengan Bahterawan yang kurang menguasai bahasa Indonesia.

     Dalam Bahtera dibincangkan berbagai kata dan peristilahan dalam berbagai bidang. Juga dibicarakan berbagai hal seputar penerjemahan, misalnya perihal perhimpunan penerjemah, honorarium penerjemahan, syarat penerjemah, akreditasi penerjemah, kursus penerjemah, hakikat penerjemahan, dan masih banyak lagi. Dalam sebulan pertama, Bahtera telah berhasil menarik minat sekitar 30 orang anggota yang berasal dari berbagai kota di Indonesia, Singapura, Australia, Belanda, Italia, Jerman, dan Amerika Serikat. Latar belakang pendidikan dan profesi anggota pun beraneka ragam, mulai dari penerjemah lepas dan penerjemah purna waktu, sampai konsultan, dosen berbagai bidang, dokter gigi, arsitek, pustakawan, dan tentu saja staf penerbit.

Penutup
Demikianlah, kehadiran Internet telah semakin memperluas cakrawala dan pergaulan manusia, sekaligus memperkecil batas jarak nyata di muka bumi ini. Dengan semakin padatnya lalu-lintas di atas tanah, laut, dan udara, kehadiran Internet bisa dijadikan jalan keluar untuk mengurangi kepadatan lalu-lintas ini. Orang bisa bekerja di rumah dan mengirimkan hasil kerjanya ke kantor lewat email atau transfer file, tanpa perlu keluar rumah dan memperparah kemacetan lalu-lintas. Kecenderungan semacam ini sudah semakin populer di Amerika Serikat dan negara maju lainnya. Sebaliknya, kepadatan lalu-lintas di jalan raya maya ini pun semakin lama semakin menyesakkan sehingga semakin terasa diperlukannya rambu-rambu serta netiket atau sopan-santun pergaulan di dunia maya yang baru ini. Budaya dan adat manusia yang berbeda-beda di berbagai tempat seakan menyatu dan kita dituntut untuk menghormati budaya lain, meskipun kita hanya berhubungan lewat layar komputer dan tidak bertatap muka langsung.


Posted at 10:53 am by revodelic
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artikle

 

Buku Terjemahan Sekadar Komoditas

"SAYA punya pengalaman buruk dengan buku terjemahan," demikian bunyi sebuah e-mail di satu milis-sebutan populer untuk mailing list-tentang buku. "Pusing rasanya ketika membaca Politics Among Nations karya Hans Morgenthau dalam bahasa Indonesia. Padahal, ada dua versi terjemahan buku itu karena diterbitkan dua penerbit yang berbeda. Akhirnya saya pinjam teman saja buku aslinya."

PENGALAMAN di atas tidak hanya milik satu atau dua orang belaka. Tidak sedikit pembaca yang pernah mengalami hal serupa: menemui kendala dalam membaca buku terjemahan. "Masalah paling serius dari buku terjemahan adalah kalau hasil terjemahannya tidak bisa dibaca!" tandas Sapardi Djoko Damono, penyair yang juga penerjemah buku. Kesulitan yang dijumpai bisa jadi tak sekadar dari segi bahasa semata, seperti jalinan kata yang rumit atau kalimat yang menjadi tak berarti dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Lebih jauh, isi buku tersebut lantas sulit dimengerti dan dipahami. Celakanya lagi, jika jeli membandingkan dengan teks aslinya, terkadang dijumpai ketidaksesuaian interpretasi bahkan penyelewengan konteks pada hasil terjemahan. Ditambah pula jika banyak terjadi kesalahan yang sifatnya teknis seperti salah ketik atau salah ejaan yang mengganggu kenikmatan membaca, semakin membuat orang frustrasi terhadap buku terjemahan.

Persoalan buku terjemahan menjadi penting dibicarakan saat ini sebab pilihan konsumen terhadap buku terbatas pada apa yang disuguhkan pasar. Padahal, pasar kini dibanjiri buku terjemahan. Meskipun setiap penerbit punya kebijakan menerbitkan karya penulis lokal, kebanyakan penerbit memberi porsi yang lebih besar pada terbitan karya terjemahan, berkisar antara 50-80 persen dari keseluruhan produksi. Alasannya beragam, mulai dari yang idealis bertujuan memberi sumbangan pada pembangunan peradaban manusia Indonesia, memberi wacana baru bagi masyarakat, memperkenalkan berbagai ilmu pengetahuan hingga latar belakang yang lebih realistis, yaitu jumlah karya lokal yang berkualitas masih minim. Kesulitan memperoleh karya lokal bermutu semakin terasa pada penerbit-penerbit kecil. "Jumlah penulis lokal yang berkualitas masih sangat sedikit," papar Anas Syahrul Alimi, Direktur Utama penerbit Jendela, Yogyakarta. "Itu pun mereka sudah diambil penerbit-penerbit besar."

Berdasarkan perhitungan bisnis, menerbitkan buku terjemahan memang lebih menguntungkan ketimbang meluncurkan karya lokal. Sebagai perbandingan untuk menjadi pemegang copyright buku asing, penerbit membayar royalti berkisar antara enam sampai tujuh persen. Sementara untuk penulis lokal penerbit harus membayar royalti sebesar sepuluh sampai 15 persen bahkan ada yang mencapai 20 persen. "Dari segi ini tentu lebih menguntungkan berjualan buku terjemahan," jelas Juan St Sumampouw dari Divisi Humaniora Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta.

Kesulitan yang dihadapi penerbit pemegang copyright biasanya karena harus membayar uang muka yang nilainya setara dengan penjualan 5.000 eksemplar. Padahal tiras cetakan pertama di Indonesia rata-rata hanya 2.000-3.000 eksemplar, itu pun terkadang baru habis terjual dalam dua tahun. Tapi kesulitan semacam ini tidak menjadi bagian yang harus dilalui penerbit-penerbit yang tidak menganggap penting urusan copyright sehingga keuntungan yang ditangguk bisa jadi lebih besar jumlahnya karena tidak harus membayar royalti copyright.

Motivasi bisnis

Peran penerbit dalam menentukan warna pasar buku tidak kecil. Jelas penerbit akan menjadi pihak pertama yang menuai pujian ataupun kritik dan protes atas keberadaan sebuah buku. Pun halnya dengan masalah buku terjemahan, tak dapat dihindari penerbit menjadi tertuding utama yang dipersoalkan atas kualitas suatu hasil terjemahan. Penerjemah baru dipermasalahkan berikutnya.

Namun, beberapa penerbit menganggap tudingan tersebut salah alamat. "Sesungguhnya penerjemahlah yang paling bertanggung jawab karena dia sudah menerima imbalan yang layak atas kerjanya itu," tandas Ahmad Baiquni, Manajer Redaksi Mizan, sebuah penerbit yang berbasis di Bandung. Padahal, bagi Rizadini, penerjemah yang kerap menerjemahkan karya-karya Gabriel Garcia Marquez, penulis asal Colombia pemenang Nobel Sastra 1982, tugas penerjemah berakhir ketika hasilnya diserahkan kepada penerbit. "Semua keputusan ada di tangan editor. Jika dia menilai sebuah hasil terjemahan tidak layak dibukukan, penerbit jangan memaksakan terbit dong!"

Manneke Budiman, dosen Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (UI), beranggapan tak ada yang paling bersalah ataupun yang paling benar dalam persoalan buku terjemahan sebab baik penerjemah maupun penerbit keduanya berpartisipasi dalam proses produksi. Masing-masing pihak punya porsi tanggung jawab sendiri. Namun toh Manneke mengakui, kualitas terjemahan memang amat dipengaruhi oleh tujuan penerbitan buku itu sendiri. "Pola kebanyakan penerbit sekarang, terutama yang menerbitkan terjemahan fiksi, lebih pada tujuan komersial yang sangat besar."

Pendapat ini dibenarkan Aprinus Salam, pemerhati buku terjemahan dari Yogyakarta, yang mencermati setidaknya terdapat tiga kecenderungan motivasi penerjemahan. Pertama, motivasi akademis, artinya menerjemahkan dalam kaitan dengan kebutuhan pendidikan. Berikutnya, menerjemahkan buku berangkat dari motivasi pemberdayaan. Pilihan tema teks-teks yang diterjemahkan biasanya berkaitan dengan wacana pemberdayaan, seperti demokratisasi, hak asasi manusia, lingkungan, dan sejenisnya.

Sedangkan motivasi ketiga adalah menerjemahkan sebagai komoditas. "Mumpung ada pangsa pasar yang terbentuk karena kecenderungan baru atas pilihan bacaan dalam masyarakat, penerbit kemudian menerbitkan buku yang sesuai dengan animo itu secepat mungkin," ungkap Aprinus yang juga dosen Jurusan Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) ini, "Akibatnya dari segi teknis banyak yang hasilnya minim karena proses produksi yang dipercepat."

Penghargaan profesi

Latar belakang motivasi menerjemahkan buku sebagai komoditas inilah yang dinilai Aprinus kental mewarnai produksi buku terjemahan belakangan ini. Apalagi salah satu ciri masyarakat postmodern yang kini melekat pada masyarakat Indonesia, yakni budaya konsumen, memberi dorongan besar terhadap tumbuh suburnya motivasi komoditas di kalangan penerbit, meskipun ada pula sementara penerbit yang tetap memegang idealisme menerbitkan buku yang bermutu.

Demi memenuhi tuntutan pasar, sebagian penerbit berlomba paling dahulu menerjemahkan dan menerbitkan sebuah buku baru. Beberapa penerbit bahkan mematok waktu tiga bulan untuk proses penerjemahan. Sedikit saja penerjemah yang punya kuasa menawar waktu deadline sebab kebanyakan di antara mereka lebih lemah posisinya dibandingkan penerbit. Akibatnya tak jarang kualitas isi dan hasil terjemahannya dipertanyakan.

Padahal, kerja penerjemah tidak sesederhana mengalihbahasakan saja, namun dituntut pula harus mampu memindahkan konteks dan nuansa dari teks asli ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menerjemahkan suatu buku pun bervariasi, tergantung jenis buku, tingkat pemahaman, dan tingkat kesulitan bahasa aslinya. "Kalau novel seperti Jurrasic Park saya terjemahkan dalam waktu dua sampai tiga bulan," tutur Hendarto Setiadi yang pernah menerjemahkan karya Karl May, Dan Damai di Bumi dalam kurun waktu dua tahun.

Untuk karya sastra dan non-fiksi umumnya dibutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama. Perlu waktu ekstra untuk melakukan riset dan memperbandingkan buku yang akan diterjemahkan dengan wacana yang berkembang. Koesalah Soebagyo Toer, salah satu penerjemah senior yang pernah mengerjakan Musashi karya pengarang Jepang Eiji Yoshikawa menuturkan, "Saya pernah menerjemahkan buku tentang sejarah hampir setahun. Selain meriset kembali beberapa data yang ada dalam buku itu, bahasa aslinya juga sulit, jadi makan waktu lama." Sementara untuk teks-teks sastra Rusia, seperti karya Leo Tolstoy dan Nikolai Gogol, ia kerjakan dalam waktu yang lebih singkat.

Satu hal mendasar lain yang melatarbelakangi rendahnya kualitas sebagian buku terjemahan adalah masalah penghargaan terhadap penerjemah yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk honor. "Penerjemah masih dibayar murah, sementara deadline-nya terbatas. Mereka jadi cenderung mengejar deadline, mengejar omzet. Maka hasilnya pun tidak terlalu baik," komentar Aprinus. Ini semakin menunjukkan kekomersialan bisnis buku terjemahan.

Pada sebagian penerbit di Yogyakarta honor penerjemah berkisar antara Rp 7.500 hingga Rp 35.000 per lembar, tergantung tingkatan kemampuan penerjemah menurut subyektivitas penerbit yang bersangkutan. "Sebenarnya membiayai di atas Rp 10.000 per lembar itu sudah berat menurut logika bisnis buku," tutur Buldanul Khuri, Direktur penerbit Bentang Budaya dari Yogyakarta. "Kita bisa membayar hingga Rp 35.000 pun kalau buku terjemahannya mendapat funding."

Penerbit Obor yang cenderung memilih penerjemah ahli menghargai hasil terjemahan Rp 30.000-Rp 40.000 per halaman asli. Sedikit berbeda, Kelompok Populer Gramedia (KPG), seperti halnya Kanisius, menghitung kompensasi penerjemah berdasarkan karakter. "Per 2.000 karakter kami hargai Rp 10.000 hingga Rp 12.500. Itu sudah plus penilaian atas kualitas terjemahannya," terang Christina M Udiani, Manajer Redaksi dan Produksi KPG. "Tapi untuk buku terjemahan dari bahasa selain Inggris kami punya perhitungan berbeda. Seperti Karl May yang diterjemahkan langsung dari bahasa Jerman oleh Hendarto Setiadi kami hargai Rp 25.000 per 2.000 karakter." Sementara Kanisius mematok Rp 10.000-Rp 20.000 per 2.400 karakter atau disamakan dengan satu lembar kertas dengan font News Roman 10.

Meskipun proses kreatif penerjemah untuk menghasilkan suatu karya terjemahan menuntut kemampuan dan daya cipta tersendiri, namun penghargaan terhadap profesi ini masih sangat minim, baik dari segi nominal maupun dari sisi pengakuan publik. Penerjemah jarang sekali mendapat royalti dari buku yang diterjemahkan, tidak seperti penulis buku. Selama ini yang berlaku adalah sistem beli putus atas hasil terjemahan. Padahal, menurut Alfons Taryadi, Ketua I Himpunan Penerjemah Indonesia (HPI), karya terjemahan secara legal telah dilindungi Undang-Undang Hak Cipta dan berhak atas International Standard Book Number (ISBN). Artinya buku terjemahan yang bersangkutan sudah diakui sebagai karya tersendiri. (nur/umi/nca/bip/wen).


Posted at 10:21 am by revodelic
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Jul 30, 2005
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absolute film
an experimental film that attempts to create new reality by freeing images from their narrative function.
   
  abstract film
a film that attempts to communicate purely through visual expression, using nonrepresentational lines, patterns, shapes, and geometrical constructions to produce a psychological rather than a conscious impact on the viewer. Abstract films usually have no reference to concrete reality but may use real objects and actions within an abstract framework.
   
  accelerated motion
a technical effect that makes people or objects appear to be moving at a faster-than-normal rate during projection
   
  action
movement before the camera, the visual development of events and situations in a narrative sense, including the interplay of characters and between characters and their surroundings.
   
  action still
a still photograph blown up directly from the negative of a motion picture, in contrast to ordinary publicity stills which are shot during production with a still camera.
   
  actual sound
sound whose source is either visible on the screen or implied by the action in a sequence, as distinguished from off-camera commentary such as narration.
   
  advance
the distance between picture and sound gates on a projector, which must be taken into consideration when making sound prints. The sound track on a strip of film is always printed ahead of the corresponding picture so that sound and picture are synchronized during projection.
   
  animatics
animated film or video used to draft or block out sequences or finished film. It also subtitutes for special effects shots in workprints until the final shots are done.
   
  animation
the branch of filmmaking in which drawings or three-dimensional objects are photographed (or, rarely, drawn directly on film) so as to create the illusion of movement.
   
  animation camera
a camera equipped with a stopmotion motor so that it can photograph fractions of animation movement frame by frame.
   
  answer print
the first combined sound and picture print that is sent by the lab to a film producer for approval.
   
  aperture
1. The opening in a lens, usually formed by an adjustable iris, which controls the amount of light passing to and exposing the film. The aperture in the printing apparatus controls the passage of light to exposed film. 2. The opening in a camera or a projector that defines the area of each frame stops during exposure or projection.
   
  art director
the person on a film crew ultimately responsible for every aspect of film decor and set construction.
   
  aspect ratio
the width-to-height ratio of a printed motion picture frame or the image it projects on a screen.
   
  assembly
in editing, the initial joining together of shots in proper continuity in an attempt to bring the film to a rough-cut syage. This involves a selection of takes, the elimination of unwanted footage, the trimming of scenes to a more or less desirable length, and the marking of transitions.
   
  assistant cameraman
a member of a camera crew responsible for loading and unloading film, changing camera lenses, maintaining focus while the camera is in motion, keeping camera in working order, and filling out camera reports.
   
  assistant director
the director's right-hand man, he performs the function of a foreman on the set. he relieves the director of many routine responsibilities so that director can concentrate on the creative aspects of his works.
   
  assistant editor
the film editor's apprentice. His varied duties include keeping shot records, splicing film,cutting prints, labeling cans, and in general maintaining a schedule and order in the usually cramped cutting room.
   
  assistant producer
a member of a production crew responsible for carrying out the producer's instructions. In the absence of the producer, he may perform on-location supervision and co-ordination duties.
   
  associate producer
nominally a producer's second-in-command, he often shares both creative and business responsibilities with the producer.
   
  astigmatism
a defect in a camera lens which causes an optical distorsion by not allowing reflected rays of light to focus uniformly. This abberationis especially noticeable at the edges of a frame.
   
  asynchronism
the opposite of synchronism, characterized by a discrepancy between the sound track and the visual image on the screen. It may occur accidentally, through editing errors, or may be used intentionally for artistic effect.
   
  atmosphere
the dominant mood or emotional tone of a film, which may evoke a psychological response from a viewer through association with its physical action and background.
   
  audio
pertaining to sound or dialogue, as distinguished from "video", which pertaining to the visual elements.
   
  audiovisual
pertaining to both sound and sight.
   
  available light
a term used to describe natural light and especially the shooting of film in poor lighting conditions with whatever light source is available without the use of artificial light.
   
  avant-garde
a term encompassing the unorthodox and experimental in the arts. In films it has been applied to movements and individuals whose work constitutes a marked departure from conventional form and narrative content.
   
baby spot
a small spotlight used to highlight a limited area or to illuminate a close-up of a subject. It uses a 500 or 750 watt lamp, mounted in a housing with a lens.
   
  baby tripod
a short-legged tripod for setting up a camera at a low angle
   
  back lighting
the illumination of a scene from behind the subject and toward the camera. It tends to produce a light fringe, increase contrast, and make the subject appear to stand out from the background, thus suggesting a third dimension.
   
  back lot
an open-air area on studio property designated for the shooting of exteriors.
   
  back projection
the projection of film onto the back of a translucent screen, instead of the conventional method of projection onto the front of a reflecting screen.
   
  background
the portion of a scene or of action behind the main scene or action. It plays an important part in the overall composition of a shot and, if carefully staged, may contribute greatly to the continuity of the action and to an extended meaning of the theme.
   
  background noise
unintelligible voices and other sounds added to the sound track to increase the realism of a scene.
   
  backing
a large backdrop, usually a painting or a photograph, used on a studio set to stimulate a view seen through a door or a window or as a substitute for a natural background on an exterior set.
   
  backup schedule
a filming schedule prepared as an alternative to the regular schedule in the event that shooting cannot proceed according to plans.
   
  baffle
something that checks or reflects, as a shield or partition.
   
  balance
1. An essential quality of pictorial composition achieved through the disposition of the various elements making up a picture in an eye-pleasing arrangement. 2. The relative arrangement of sound sources in recording the sound track of a film. 3. The harmonious co-ordination between key and filler lights.
   
  balancing stripe
a narrow band sometimes placed on film on the edge opposite the magnetic stripe to balance the thickness of the stock, thus permitting even winding of the film onto a smooth roll.
   
  bank
a set of incandescent lamps mounted in a single reflector casing without a focusing lens.
   
  barn doors
folding metal flaps mounted on the rims of a studio lamp or around the lamp of a spotlight to control the spread of light. They can be adjusted to direct a beam of light to avoid unwanted light spill and to shade portions of a subject from direct illumination.
   
  barney
a flexible cover, made of several layers of insulating materials, placed over a camera as a substitute for a blimp to dampen noise in sound recording or to protect the camera extreme temperatures.
   
  base
a transparent celluloid material coated with sensitized emulsion that acts as a support to the photographic image on film.
   
  biopic
a filmed biography.
   
  bipack
a filming process originally used in color photography but now virtually obsolote. It involves the simultaneous passage of two films through a camera or printer aperture.
   
  blimp
a soundproof housing in which a camera is placed to prevent the noise of its mechanism from being picked up by the microphone during sound recording.
   
  blocking
the working out of the composition of a scene, usually in the form of a general rehearsal of movements by actors as well as the setup and positioning of cameras, lights, and other technical equipment.
   
  bloom
the treatment of a lens or any glass surface with a special transparent fluoride coating to reduce reflection
   
  bloop
a clicking noise caused by the passage of a soundtrack splice through reproduction equipment.
   
  blooper
a special-effects device, usually a round, open tank, used on a set to stimulate water explosions and similar effects.
   
  blow-up
the enlargement of a photographic image by an optical printing process.
   
  boom
a counterbalanced extension device, usually a steel arm, used as support for a camera or a microphone. A camera boom is a mobile, cranelike mount used to move a camerain and over the set to shoot continuous action or a series of related actions at more than one level or angle.
   
  boom shot
a continuous single shot incoporating any number of camera levels and angles.
   
  booster
1. A dynamo used for raising the voltage of photoflood lamps, thus increasing the light output over and above their normal wattage. 2. A particularly strong developing solution added to the chemicals in the bath during processing.
   
  booster light
a lamp, usually of the arc type, used during exterior daylight shooting to illuminate shadowy areas, thus improving shadow detail.
   
  bridging shot
any shot used in editing to cover a break in continuity.
   
  broad
a lighting unit designed to illuminate a relatively large area.
   
  brute
a high-intensity arc spotlight used as the largest standard studio lamp.
   
  butterfly
an aluminium reflector used in outdoor filming to diffuse harsh sunlight and often shadows.
   
cableman
a crew member on a film set whose function is to handle cables and wires for sound hookups.
   
  calibration
1. The process of measuring and marking focus settings and f-stop values on a camera's lens assembly in preparation for a shot that involves a gradual or sudden change of distance or light conditions.
   
  candela
internationally accepted unit of measurement for determining the intensity of a light source.
   
  caption
a printed line shown on the screen to introduce a scene, describe a location, specify a date, etc.
   
  china (graph) pencil
a grease pencil used by film editors to mark up the work print for dissolves, fades, etc.
   
  choker
a slang term for a tight close-up, usually limited to a performer's face.
   
  chromatic aberration
a lens defect causing colored fringes at the edges of a photographed image
   
  chronotography
the photographic recording of successive phases of movement for purpose of scientific study.
   
  cinch marks
scratch marks on the surface of film caused by the presence of abrasive particles between coils or by careless winding of a film roll.
   
  cinéma vérité (cinema truth)
a style of filmmaking the practitioners of which attempt to capture truth on film by observing, recording, and presenting reality without exercising directorial control or otherwise utilizing conventional film techniques to affect the veracity of a situation.
   
  city symphonies
documentary films attempting to capture through images and sounds the physical and spiritual essence and the life pulse of a big city, often in a dawn-to-dusk chronology.
   
  claw
a metal tooth in the intermittent-movement section of a camera and some projectors which engages a perforation in the film and pulls the film down frame by frame.
   
  clip
a brief section of film removed in editing from the footage of a shot.
   
  close shot
a shot closer than a medium shot but not as tight as a close-up
   
  close-up
a shot taken from a short distance or through a telephoto lens which brings to the screen a magnified, detailed part of a person or an object.
   
  code numbers
matching numbers printed at one-foot intervals on the edges of both a positive print and its intended sound track to provide the editor with sync marks throughout the work print.
   
  color filter
a colored substance, in the form of gelatin or glass, placed in front of a camera lens. The filter permits the passage of light rays of its own color but absorbs light rays of complementary colors.
   
  console
a control panel used in the sound studio for recording, re-recording, monitoring, and combining the various sound tracks during the mix.
   
  contact printing
the method of printing in which the emulsion of the negative comes in direct contact with the emulsion of the positive it reproduces while moving together past an exposing aperture.
   
  continuity
the uninterrupted progression of related shots, scenes, and sequences necessary to maintain a logical development of theme or story in a film.
   
  continuity clerk
a member of a filming crew, whose job it is to assure the film's continuity.
   
  contrast
the ratio between the lightest and darkest tonal areas of a shot either in the scene itself or in its photographic reproduction.
   
  copter mount
a camera platform that is attached to a helicopter for aerial shots.
   
  counterpoint
the combining of image and sound in a way that the visual image and the sound track accompanying it denote different meanings, though they both may represent the same object.
   
  cover shot
extra footage shot for a scene as protection against the possibility that the shots already filmed may not work.
   
  crane
a large, wheeled support that carries a camera on a pivoted arm.
   
  credits
1. A list of names of the principals involved in the production of a picture with their function. 2. A list of titles of films in which an actor, a director, or some other individual has been involved.
   
  cross cutting
the technique of intercutting two independent sequences to and for in the course of editing so that a relationship is established between the parallel actions.
   
  cut back
the return, in editing, to the main scene of action after an insert or a cutaway.
   
  cutaway
a shot of an action or object related to but not an immediate part of a principal scene.
   
  cutting
the craft and art of assembling separate lengths of motion pictures film into a unified whole.
   
density
the relative opacity of a filmed image; the degree to which it limits the amount of light passing through it.
   
  depth of field
the range of distance from the camera, at a particular lens setting, at which all images will remain in reasonably sharp focus.
   
  depth of focus
the infinitely small range at which the distance between a lens and the film in the camera will produce a reasonably sharp image.
   
  diagonal action
action taking place diagonally across the screen, as from the lower left-hand corner to the upper right-hand corner. Diagonal flow of action is considered to be dynamic in its effect on the senses of the viewer.
   
  diagonal splicing
a method of splicing sound film diagonally, rather than in a straight line, so that the gradual slope of the joint may minimize the clicking sound that a splice characteristically produces as it passes through the sound head of a projector.
   
  diaphragm
a regulating device in the form of adjustable metal blades which controls the amount of light entering a camera lens and striking the film.
   
  differential focusing
the utilization of the depth-of-field factor for placing the main action of a scene in sharp focus while keeping the background blurred.
   
  diffuser
translucent material attached to a lighting unit for the purpose of softening the light falling on a subject. Diffusion filters are sometimes used in conjunction with the lens to soften hard lines of subjects being photographed.
   
  diopter lens
a supplementary lens placed in front of a regular camera lens for extreme close-up photography.
   
  diorama
a miniature scale model of a motion picture set.
   
  director
the person responsible for the creative aspects, both interpretive and technical, of a motion picture production.
   
  director of photography (DOP)
the person in charge of lighting a set and photographing a film. He is responsible for transforming the screenwriter's and director's concepts into real visual images.
   
  dissolve
a screen effect of gradually fusing one shot into another.
   
  distortion
an optical malformation of an imag, usually as a result of an inconsistency in the magnification of the image between the edges and the center of the frame.
   
  documentary
in the broadest sense, a factual film depicting actual events and real people. It is also seen as a form of artistic journalism that may cover a broad range of factual subjects, social, scientific, educational, and instructional, as well as recreational.
   
  dolly
a wheeled platform on which a camera (with its operator) is mounted for traveling shots.
   
  dot
a small, flat, round disk placed in front of a light source as a diffuser.
   
  double exposure
the recording of two different images on the same length of film as a result of exposing the same negative twice through the camera or a printer. Double exposure may occur accindentally, by unknowingly running previously exposed film through the camera, or by design if some special effect is desired.
   
  double system
the recording of sound in synchronization with the visuals but on a separate track.
   
  double take
an initial mild reaction by a player followed by a second, much more emphatic delayed reaction, usually for comic effect, often to suggest that an idea or situation had not been completely understood by the player at first.
   
  dynamic cutting
a film-editing style, characteristic of polemic documentaries and propaganda films, in which separate shots are joined or contrasted in such a manner as to give significant expression to basically nonpartisan material.
   
editing
the process of selecting, assembling, and arranging motion picture shots and corresponding sound tracks in coherent sequence and flowing continuity.
   
  editor
the person responsible for editing a film.
   
  educational films
a broad category encompassing all films intended primarily to inform and instruct rather than to entertain.
   
  effects
general term for all transitional devices and illusory optical tricks used in making motion pictures.
   
  emulsion
the light-sensitive substance, consisting primarily of gelatin and silver salts, with which one side of a film base is coated and on which the photographic image is formed.
   
  established
persons or objects are said to be established once they have been spotted by the camera in a sequence.
   
  establishing shot
a shot, usually a long shot or a full shot at the beginning of a sequence, which establishes the location, setting, and mood of the action.
   
  exciter lamp
a small, intense incandescent bulb capable of converting light waves into sound waves whrn its beam is focused on the sound track area of film.
   
  exposure
the process of subjecting film to light so that a latent image is produced on the emulsion.
   
  exposure meter
an instrument for measuring the intensity of light falling on or being reflected from a subject or an area being photographed.
   
  expressionism
a style of art which developed early in the 20th century into an influential movement in German painting, sculpture, literature, drama, and finally, cinema.
   
  extension tube
a cylindrical device used as an extension to hold the camera lens at an increased distance from the film in the camera.
   
  extreme close-up
a very tight close-up shot that greatly magnifies a tiny object or shows a magnified view of part of an object or a person.
   
  extreme long shot
a wide-angle shot providing a bird's-eye view of a vast area.
   
  eyepiece
an attachment at the end of a camera's viewing system which allows the cameraman to appraise his composition before shooting and to view the the action during shooting.
   

Posted at 12:01 pm by revodelic
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Jul 20, 2005
di samping bayangmu

dalam sebuah penantian
di ujung kesadaran akan rindu
keharumanmu tepat menusuk aku

kesakitan yang dijijnkan
kesadaran akan sebuah kepedihan yang indah
kini menemani setiap langkah
menuju ajal impian sendu

bukan ini yang dulu pernah kuimpikan
dalam masa ketika langit belum berubah senja
tapi ego diri hanya tinggal separuh
dan kau begitu angkuh
kesunyianmu pun menggoda raga
mengunci jiwa pada kata setia

dan seperti awan yang menurut pada hembusan angin
langkah ku kini di samping bayangmu

Posted at 08:21 am by revodelic
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petaka malam gerimis

peyaka malam dengan sedikit gerimis
diiringi lagu merdu yang teramat sendu
hampa dalam kesunyian
adalah seperti sekarat dalam kehausan

seperti percuma langkah menaklukan gunung
menjelajahi lembah, menuruni sungai
di depan cermin, wajah tak lagi wajah
dalam renungan, jiwa tak lagi jiwa

di mana ?
ke mana ?
sampai kapan ?

dan hidup hanya kumpulan pertanyaan
yang tak pernah terjawab
tak kan pernah

seize the day !!
carpe diem !!
hanya ilusi, omong kosong
harapan dan mimpi terletak pada masa lalu

lalu di mana ?
ke mana ?
sampai kapan ?

dan hidup adalah kumpulan tanda tanya
kadang tak perlu jawaban

Posted at 08:13 am by revodelic
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Mar 28, 2005
i'm not desperate just lonely

malam-malam lampu mobil semain sedikit yang menenamni. terkadang
naik motor sendirian membawa sebuah kesenangan tersendiri, seperti
saat ini. tadi habis dari liat email dari sahabat yang isinya selalu
saja menyegarkan. nah persis seperti udara malam.

musim hujan kayaknya sudah dateng lagi,tapi entah indonesia pa masih
punya musim ya....kayaknya musimnya udah ganti semua jadi musim gado-
gado.

bicara tentang naik motor sendirian jadi nyambung sama takdir
hidup...ya takdir yang menentukan kapan punya pacar dan kapan tidak.
nah yang terkahir ini kayaknya lagi akrab di hidup saya. terutama
kalo udah tengah malam gini ditempat makan pinggir jalan
(wah....asiiikkk bossss). setelah memesan indomie telor dan segelas
milo dingin, saya lalu liat-liat langit, kali aja ada bintang jatuh.
tapi ternyata yang ada hanya awan, duhhhh jadi inget hati sendiri
yang kelabu terussss.

semua orang memang butuh sahabat, nah ini di obatnya orang kesepian.
tapi kalo sahabat itu kagi sibuk gimana donk... kayak sahabat saya
yang satu itu, sekarang kagi sibuk ngetik, nulis dan ngetik. terus
baru putus sama pacarnya dan ngasih kesempatan kedua, jadi saya
harus tau diri dan menghindar (menjauh dari gosip-gosip).

nah jadi deh kesepian lagi, mana kerjaan kantor maish nol
besar...wah...lengkap sudah!!! seems like pathetic isn't it, tetapi
sebetulnya bukan, seperti juga tulisan ini bukanlah curhat...asli
bukan banget.

maklum saya lagi terkontaminas sama yang namanya per-lit-an
indoneisa. entahlah yang mana, mau chick lit, teen lit atau lit-lit-
an y ang lainnya. pokoklnya itu buku-buku ternyata bagus....asli
bagus. mungkin ini dia obat kesepian itu...nah kan jadi bisa
terinspirasii juga untuk nulis novel....(wahhh ini sih mimpi yang
menyiksa karena gak pernah terwujud)

tapi lebih dari semua itu, kita memang gak bisa hidup sendiri, kalo
gak punya sahabat minimal harus punya teman....nah kalo bisa pacar
deh...setuju gak!!!! dan temen itu bisa didapet dimana aja dalam
bentuk apa aja, yang penting positif.

nah loh pas udah mau beresin ini tulisan eh...malah lagunya melow
yang dipilih sama dj warnet ini.....jadi tambah lagi....tambah
lagi....duh hati..............

oks deh, kalo gitu selamat berhayal, berteman, dan berpacaran.

ps: kalo ada cewe yang berambut pendek, pake sepatu converse, tidak
merokok dan suka musik indie, silahkan mengirimkan
cvnya...he....he...




Posted at 07:26 am by revodelic
Comment (1)  

Feb 17, 2005
....

our company is a brand new free magazine in bandung Indonesia. we are going to publish our zero edition on march 2005. our concept is youth life style magazine. our segment are youth people and their range age from 18-30 years old. up to date issue, educating and entertaining information are several efforts that we have. our clients is all of company that have the same segment like we are. we offers good price for advertising your company, because not just reasonable price but excelent distribution are one of our company streght. so if you need a media that fuul fiil all your company wants, you can obsoloutely choose us.   

Posted at 05:35 am by revodelic
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